Allograft Reconstruction for Irreparable Foot and Ankle Tendon Ruptures
Main Article Content
Abstract
Tendon ruptures around the foot and ankle are relatively common and frequently misdiagnosed, causing patient consultation in chronic scenario. A widely vary of surgical techniques have been described for tendon reconstruction. To our knowledge there is no gold standard procedure, several drawbacks are associated with techniques that uses nearby tissue for reconstruction due to the sacrifice of healthy structures that can imbalance foot and loose strength. In consequence, tendon allografts appear as an attractive alternative due to less morbidity and conservation of nearby soft tissue. This article reviews the different reconstruction techniques and shares our experience in foot and ankle tendon allograft reconstruction.
Keywords:
Chronic tendon ruptures, tendon reconstruction, tendon allograft
Article Details
How to Cite
TORRES, Nicolas Octavio et al.
Allograft Reconstruction for Irreparable Foot and Ankle Tendon Ruptures.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 12, dec. 2018.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1884>. Date accessed: 16 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v6i12.1884.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Gross CE, Nunley JA. Treatment of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures with Interpositional Allograft. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(4):735-43.
2. Maffulli N, Via AG, Oliva F. Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture. The open orthopaedics journal. 2017;11:660-9.
3. Condello V, Zdanowicz U, Di Matteo B, Spalding T, Gelber PE, Adravanti P, et al. Allograft tendons are a safe and effective option for revision ACL reconstruction: a clinical review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018.
4. Murgier J, Boisrenoult P, Pujol N, Beranger JS, Tardy N, Steltzlen C, et al. Knee extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction following chronic disruption. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR. 2015;101(7):867-70.
5. Cross MB, Egidy CC, Wu RH, Osbahr DC, Nam D, Dines JS. Single-incision chronic distal biceps tendon repair with tibialis anterior allograft. International orthopaedics. 2014;38(4):791-5.
6. Ofili KP, Pollard JD, Schuberth JM. The Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture Repaired With Allograft: A Review of 14 Cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(6):1245-8.
7. Jung HG, Park JT, Eom JS, Jung MG, Lee DO. Reconstruction of superficial deltoid ligaments with allograft tendons in medial ankle instability: A technical report. Injury. 2016;47(3):780-3.
8. Jung HG, Shin MH, Park JT, Eom JS, Lee DO, Lee SH. Anatomical Reconstruction of Lateral Ankle Ligaments Using Free Tendon Allografts and Biotenodesis Screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(9):1064-71.
9. Wang B, Xu XY. Minimally invasive reconstruction of lateral ligaments of the ankle using semitendinosus autograft. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(5):711-5.
10. Wang W, Xu GH. Allograft tendon reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular Ligament in the treatment of chronic ankle instability. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2017;18(1):150.
11. Roster B, Michelier P, Giza E. Peroneal Tendon Disorders. Clinics in sports medicine. 2015;34(4):625-41.
12. Pellegrini MJ, Adams SB, Parekh SG. Allograft reconstruction of peroneus longus and brevis tendons tears arising from a single muscular belly. Case report and surgical technique. Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;21(1):e12-5.
13. Reddy SS, Pedowitz DI, Parekh SG, Omar IM, Wapner KL. Surgical treatment for chronic disease and disorders of the achilles tendon. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2009;17(1):3-14.
14. Geller J, Lin S, Cordas D, Vieira P. Relationship of a low-lying muscle belly to tears of the peroneus brevis tendon. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2003;32(11):541-4.
15. Mook WR, Parekh SG, Nunley JA. Allograft reconstruction of peroneal tendons: operative technique and clinical outcomes. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(9):1212-20.
16. Bonnin M, Tavernier T, Bouysset M. Split lesions of the peroneus brevis tendon in chronic ankle laxity. The American journal of sports medicine. 1997;25(5):699-703.
17. Sammarco GJ. Peroneus longus tendon tears: acute and chronic. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(5):245-53.
18. Pellegrini MJ, Adams SB, Parekh SG. Reversal of Peroneal Tenodesis With Allograft Reconstruction of the Peroneus Brevis and Longus: Case Report and Surgical Technique. Foot Ankle Spec. 2014;7(4):327-31.
19. Burton A, Aydogan U. Repair of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture With a Major Defect Using Gracilis Allograft. Foot Ankle Spec. 2016;9(4):345-50.
20. Wapner KL, Taras JS, Lin SS, Chao W. Staged reconstruction for chronic rupture of both peroneal tendons using Hunter rod and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer: a long-term followup study. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(8):591-7.
21. Jockel JR, Brodsky JW. Single-stage flexor tendon transfer for the treatment of severe concomitant peroneus longus and brevis tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(5):666-72.
22. Seybold JD, Campbell JT, Jeng CL, Short KW, Myerson MS. Outcome of Lateral Transfer of the FHL or FDL for Concomitant Peroneal Tendon Tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(6):576-81.
23. Redfern D, Myerson M. The management of concomitant tears of the peroneus longus and brevis tendons. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(10):695-707.
24. Pellegrini MJ, Glisson RR, Matsumoto T, Schiff A, Laver L, Easley ME, et al. Effectiveness of Allograft Reconstruction vs Tenodesis for Irreparable Peroneus Brevis Tears: A Cadaveric Model. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(8):803-8.
25. Philbin TM, Landis GS, Smith B. Peroneal tendon injuries. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2009;17(5):306-17.
26. Krause JO, Brodsky JW. Peroneus brevis tendon tears: pathophysiology, surgical reconstruction, and clinical results. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(5):271-9.
27. Wagner E, Wagner P, Ortiz C, Radkievich R, Palma F, Guzman-Venegas R. Biomechanical Cadaveric Evaluation of Partial Acute Peroneal Tendon Tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39(6):741-5.
28. Borton DC, Lucas P, Jomha NM, Cross MJ, Slater K. Operative reconstruction after transverse rupture of the tendons of both peroneus longus and brevis. Surgical reconstruction by transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume. 1998;80(5):781-4.
29. Steel MW, DeOrio JK. Peroneal tendon tears: return to sports after operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(1):49-54.
30. Hollawell S, Baione W. Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture Reconstructed With Achilles Tendon Allograft and Xenograft Combination. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(6):1146-50.
31. Khan RJ, Carey Smith RL. Surgical interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2010(9):Cd003674.
32. Flint JH, Wade AM, Giuliani J, Rue JP. Defining the terms acute and chronic in orthopaedic sports injuries: a systematic review. The American journal of sports medicine. 2014;42(1):235-41.
33. Hanna T, Dripchak P, Childress T. Chronic achilles rupture repair by allograft with bone block fixation: technique tip. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(2):168-74.
34. Huang X, Huang G, Ji Y, Ao R, Yu B, Zhu YL. Augmented Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using an Allograft Tendon Weaving Technique. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(6):1004-9.
35. Nellas ZJ, Loder BG, Wertheimer SJ. Reconstruction of an Achilles tendon defect utilizing an Achilles tendon allograft. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996;35(2):144-8; discussion 90.
36. Badalihan A, Aihemaiti A, Shawutali N, Jielile J, Jialihasi A, Tangkejie W, et al. Outcome of a One-Stage Tensile Stress Surgical Technique and Early Postoperative Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2015;54(2):153-9.
37. Deese JM, Gratto-Cox G, Clements FD, Brown K. Achilles allograft reconstruction for chronic achilles tendinopathy. Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances. 2015;24(1):75-8.
38. Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. MR imaging of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 1996;167(3):675-82.
39. Gallo RA, Kolman BH, Daffner RH, Sciulli RL, Roberts CC, DeMeo PJ. MRI of tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Skeletal radiology. 2004;33(2):102-6.
40. Ouzounian TJ, Anderson R. Anterior tibial tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(7):406-10.
41. Harkin E, Pinzur M, Schiff A. Treatment of Acute and Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture and Tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(4):819-31.
42. Cohen DA, Gordon DH. The long-term effects of an untreated tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999;89(3):149-52.
43. Christman-Skieller C, Merz MK, Tansey JP. A systematic review of tibialis anterior tendon rupture treatments and outcomes. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2015;44(4):E94-9.
44. Markarian GG, Kelikian AS, Brage M, Trainor T, Dias L. Anterior tibialis tendon ruptures: an outcome analysis of operative versus nonoperative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(12):792-802.
45. Ellington JK, McCormick J, Marion C, Cohen BE, Anderson RB, Davis WH, et al. Surgical outcome following tibialis anterior tendon repair. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(5):412-7.
46. Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Henning C, Chaim S. Surgical repair of acute and chronic tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 2009;91(2):325-32.
47. Gwynne-Jones D, Garneti N, Wyatt M. Closed tibialis anterior tendon rupture: a case series. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(8):758-62.
48. Anagnostakos K, Bachelier F, Furst OA, Kelm J. Rupture of the anterior tibial tendon: three clinical cases, anatomical study, and literature review. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(5):330-9.
49. Sapkas GS, Tzoutzopoulos A, Tsoukas FC, Triantafillopoulos IK. Spontaneous tibialis anterior tendon rupture: delayed repair with free-sliding tibialis anterior tendon graft. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2008;37(12):E213-6.
50. Trout BM, Hosey G, Wertheimer SJ. Rupture of the tibialis anterior tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;39(1):54-8.
51. Goetz J, Beckmann J, Koeck F, Grifka J, Dullien S, Heers G. Gait analysis after tibialis anterior tendon rupture repair using Z-plasty. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52(5):598-601.
52. Wong MWN. Traumatic tibialis anterior tendon rupture—delayed repair with free sliding tibialis anterior tendon graft. Injury. 2004;35(9):940-4.
53. Kopp FJ, Backus S, Deland JT, O'Malley MJ. Anterior tibial tendon rupture: results of operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(10):1045-7.
54. Forst R, Forst J, Heller KD. Ipsilateral peroneus brevis tendon grafting in a complicated case of traumatic rupture of tibialis anterior tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(7):440-4.
55. Yasui Y, Takao M, Miyamoto W, Matsushita T. Reconstruction using an autograft with near complete preservation of the extensor retinaculum for chronic tibialis anterior tendon disruption. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(12):1669-73.
56. Stavrou P, Symeonidis PD. Gracilis tendon graft for tibialis anterior tendon reconstruction: a report of two cases. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(7):742-5.
57. Yasuda K, Tsujino J, Ohkoshi Y, Tanabe Y, Kaneda K. Graft site morbidity with autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The American journal of sports medicine. 1995;23(6):706-14.
58. Aderinto J, Gross A. Delayed repair of tibialis anterior tendon rupture with Achilles tendon allograft. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(3):340-2.
59. Huh J, Boyette DM, Parekh SG, Nunley JA, 2nd. Allograft Reconstruction of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Ruptures. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(10):1180-9.
60. Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1994(304):78-83.
61. Boyce T, Edwards J, Scarborough N. Allograft bone. The influence of processing on safety and performance. The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 1999;30(4):571-81.
62. Mroz TE, Joyce MJ, Steinmetz MP, Lieberman IH, Wang JC. Musculoskeletal allograft risks and recalls in the United States. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008;16(10):559-65.
63. Bidic SM, Varshney A, Ruff MD, Orenstein HH. Biomechanical comparison of lasso, Pulvertaft weave, and side-by-side tendon repairs. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2009;124(2):567-71.
2. Maffulli N, Via AG, Oliva F. Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture. The open orthopaedics journal. 2017;11:660-9.
3. Condello V, Zdanowicz U, Di Matteo B, Spalding T, Gelber PE, Adravanti P, et al. Allograft tendons are a safe and effective option for revision ACL reconstruction: a clinical review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018.
4. Murgier J, Boisrenoult P, Pujol N, Beranger JS, Tardy N, Steltzlen C, et al. Knee extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction following chronic disruption. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR. 2015;101(7):867-70.
5. Cross MB, Egidy CC, Wu RH, Osbahr DC, Nam D, Dines JS. Single-incision chronic distal biceps tendon repair with tibialis anterior allograft. International orthopaedics. 2014;38(4):791-5.
6. Ofili KP, Pollard JD, Schuberth JM. The Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture Repaired With Allograft: A Review of 14 Cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(6):1245-8.
7. Jung HG, Park JT, Eom JS, Jung MG, Lee DO. Reconstruction of superficial deltoid ligaments with allograft tendons in medial ankle instability: A technical report. Injury. 2016;47(3):780-3.
8. Jung HG, Shin MH, Park JT, Eom JS, Lee DO, Lee SH. Anatomical Reconstruction of Lateral Ankle Ligaments Using Free Tendon Allografts and Biotenodesis Screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(9):1064-71.
9. Wang B, Xu XY. Minimally invasive reconstruction of lateral ligaments of the ankle using semitendinosus autograft. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(5):711-5.
10. Wang W, Xu GH. Allograft tendon reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular Ligament in the treatment of chronic ankle instability. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2017;18(1):150.
11. Roster B, Michelier P, Giza E. Peroneal Tendon Disorders. Clinics in sports medicine. 2015;34(4):625-41.
12. Pellegrini MJ, Adams SB, Parekh SG. Allograft reconstruction of peroneus longus and brevis tendons tears arising from a single muscular belly. Case report and surgical technique. Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;21(1):e12-5.
13. Reddy SS, Pedowitz DI, Parekh SG, Omar IM, Wapner KL. Surgical treatment for chronic disease and disorders of the achilles tendon. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2009;17(1):3-14.
14. Geller J, Lin S, Cordas D, Vieira P. Relationship of a low-lying muscle belly to tears of the peroneus brevis tendon. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2003;32(11):541-4.
15. Mook WR, Parekh SG, Nunley JA. Allograft reconstruction of peroneal tendons: operative technique and clinical outcomes. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(9):1212-20.
16. Bonnin M, Tavernier T, Bouysset M. Split lesions of the peroneus brevis tendon in chronic ankle laxity. The American journal of sports medicine. 1997;25(5):699-703.
17. Sammarco GJ. Peroneus longus tendon tears: acute and chronic. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(5):245-53.
18. Pellegrini MJ, Adams SB, Parekh SG. Reversal of Peroneal Tenodesis With Allograft Reconstruction of the Peroneus Brevis and Longus: Case Report and Surgical Technique. Foot Ankle Spec. 2014;7(4):327-31.
19. Burton A, Aydogan U. Repair of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture With a Major Defect Using Gracilis Allograft. Foot Ankle Spec. 2016;9(4):345-50.
20. Wapner KL, Taras JS, Lin SS, Chao W. Staged reconstruction for chronic rupture of both peroneal tendons using Hunter rod and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer: a long-term followup study. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(8):591-7.
21. Jockel JR, Brodsky JW. Single-stage flexor tendon transfer for the treatment of severe concomitant peroneus longus and brevis tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(5):666-72.
22. Seybold JD, Campbell JT, Jeng CL, Short KW, Myerson MS. Outcome of Lateral Transfer of the FHL or FDL for Concomitant Peroneal Tendon Tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(6):576-81.
23. Redfern D, Myerson M. The management of concomitant tears of the peroneus longus and brevis tendons. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(10):695-707.
24. Pellegrini MJ, Glisson RR, Matsumoto T, Schiff A, Laver L, Easley ME, et al. Effectiveness of Allograft Reconstruction vs Tenodesis for Irreparable Peroneus Brevis Tears: A Cadaveric Model. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(8):803-8.
25. Philbin TM, Landis GS, Smith B. Peroneal tendon injuries. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2009;17(5):306-17.
26. Krause JO, Brodsky JW. Peroneus brevis tendon tears: pathophysiology, surgical reconstruction, and clinical results. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(5):271-9.
27. Wagner E, Wagner P, Ortiz C, Radkievich R, Palma F, Guzman-Venegas R. Biomechanical Cadaveric Evaluation of Partial Acute Peroneal Tendon Tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39(6):741-5.
28. Borton DC, Lucas P, Jomha NM, Cross MJ, Slater K. Operative reconstruction after transverse rupture of the tendons of both peroneus longus and brevis. Surgical reconstruction by transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume. 1998;80(5):781-4.
29. Steel MW, DeOrio JK. Peroneal tendon tears: return to sports after operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(1):49-54.
30. Hollawell S, Baione W. Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture Reconstructed With Achilles Tendon Allograft and Xenograft Combination. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(6):1146-50.
31. Khan RJ, Carey Smith RL. Surgical interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2010(9):Cd003674.
32. Flint JH, Wade AM, Giuliani J, Rue JP. Defining the terms acute and chronic in orthopaedic sports injuries: a systematic review. The American journal of sports medicine. 2014;42(1):235-41.
33. Hanna T, Dripchak P, Childress T. Chronic achilles rupture repair by allograft with bone block fixation: technique tip. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(2):168-74.
34. Huang X, Huang G, Ji Y, Ao R, Yu B, Zhu YL. Augmented Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using an Allograft Tendon Weaving Technique. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(6):1004-9.
35. Nellas ZJ, Loder BG, Wertheimer SJ. Reconstruction of an Achilles tendon defect utilizing an Achilles tendon allograft. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996;35(2):144-8; discussion 90.
36. Badalihan A, Aihemaiti A, Shawutali N, Jielile J, Jialihasi A, Tangkejie W, et al. Outcome of a One-Stage Tensile Stress Surgical Technique and Early Postoperative Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Neglected Achilles Tendon Rupture. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2015;54(2):153-9.
37. Deese JM, Gratto-Cox G, Clements FD, Brown K. Achilles allograft reconstruction for chronic achilles tendinopathy. Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances. 2015;24(1):75-8.
38. Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. MR imaging of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 1996;167(3):675-82.
39. Gallo RA, Kolman BH, Daffner RH, Sciulli RL, Roberts CC, DeMeo PJ. MRI of tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Skeletal radiology. 2004;33(2):102-6.
40. Ouzounian TJ, Anderson R. Anterior tibial tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(7):406-10.
41. Harkin E, Pinzur M, Schiff A. Treatment of Acute and Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture and Tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(4):819-31.
42. Cohen DA, Gordon DH. The long-term effects of an untreated tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999;89(3):149-52.
43. Christman-Skieller C, Merz MK, Tansey JP. A systematic review of tibialis anterior tendon rupture treatments and outcomes. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2015;44(4):E94-9.
44. Markarian GG, Kelikian AS, Brage M, Trainor T, Dias L. Anterior tibialis tendon ruptures: an outcome analysis of operative versus nonoperative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(12):792-802.
45. Ellington JK, McCormick J, Marion C, Cohen BE, Anderson RB, Davis WH, et al. Surgical outcome following tibialis anterior tendon repair. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(5):412-7.
46. Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Henning C, Chaim S. Surgical repair of acute and chronic tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 2009;91(2):325-32.
47. Gwynne-Jones D, Garneti N, Wyatt M. Closed tibialis anterior tendon rupture: a case series. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(8):758-62.
48. Anagnostakos K, Bachelier F, Furst OA, Kelm J. Rupture of the anterior tibial tendon: three clinical cases, anatomical study, and literature review. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(5):330-9.
49. Sapkas GS, Tzoutzopoulos A, Tsoukas FC, Triantafillopoulos IK. Spontaneous tibialis anterior tendon rupture: delayed repair with free-sliding tibialis anterior tendon graft. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2008;37(12):E213-6.
50. Trout BM, Hosey G, Wertheimer SJ. Rupture of the tibialis anterior tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;39(1):54-8.
51. Goetz J, Beckmann J, Koeck F, Grifka J, Dullien S, Heers G. Gait analysis after tibialis anterior tendon rupture repair using Z-plasty. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52(5):598-601.
52. Wong MWN. Traumatic tibialis anterior tendon rupture—delayed repair with free sliding tibialis anterior tendon graft. Injury. 2004;35(9):940-4.
53. Kopp FJ, Backus S, Deland JT, O'Malley MJ. Anterior tibial tendon rupture: results of operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(10):1045-7.
54. Forst R, Forst J, Heller KD. Ipsilateral peroneus brevis tendon grafting in a complicated case of traumatic rupture of tibialis anterior tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(7):440-4.
55. Yasui Y, Takao M, Miyamoto W, Matsushita T. Reconstruction using an autograft with near complete preservation of the extensor retinaculum for chronic tibialis anterior tendon disruption. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(12):1669-73.
56. Stavrou P, Symeonidis PD. Gracilis tendon graft for tibialis anterior tendon reconstruction: a report of two cases. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(7):742-5.
57. Yasuda K, Tsujino J, Ohkoshi Y, Tanabe Y, Kaneda K. Graft site morbidity with autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The American journal of sports medicine. 1995;23(6):706-14.
58. Aderinto J, Gross A. Delayed repair of tibialis anterior tendon rupture with Achilles tendon allograft. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(3):340-2.
59. Huh J, Boyette DM, Parekh SG, Nunley JA, 2nd. Allograft Reconstruction of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Ruptures. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(10):1180-9.
60. Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1994(304):78-83.
61. Boyce T, Edwards J, Scarborough N. Allograft bone. The influence of processing on safety and performance. The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 1999;30(4):571-81.
62. Mroz TE, Joyce MJ, Steinmetz MP, Lieberman IH, Wang JC. Musculoskeletal allograft risks and recalls in the United States. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008;16(10):559-65.
63. Bidic SM, Varshney A, Ruff MD, Orenstein HH. Biomechanical comparison of lasso, Pulvertaft weave, and side-by-side tendon repairs. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2009;124(2):567-71.