Physical strain, external demands, and work pleasure in a mobile pastoral population of the Arctic. A study of the Sámi reindeer-herder population in Norway.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Like other mobile pastoralists, Sámi reindeer herders possess the knowledge, skills and practical organization of an animal husbandry that manages lifestyle and production under harsh and unpredictable natural conditions.
In response to a request from the Sámi Reindeer Herder Association in Norway, we conducted a study of working and living conditions that might affect the health of the reindeer-herding population. Attempts were made to dampen the historical reluctance of the Sámis toward research by using ethical guidelines for research among indigenous people, along with the principles of participatory research. Integration of the reindeer-herding perspective and body of knowledge into the research process became a significant contribution to the researchers’ lack of knowledge about the challenges, needs and problems in Sámi reindeer husbandry.
The results show that reindeer husbandry offers the community members engaging and satisfying work in a learning environment. At the same time, the exposure to bodily stresses and problem-creating external demands are high, and there are limited opportunities to recover from illness and exhaustion. There is reason to believe that those stressors threaten the reindeer herders’ limits of resilience, their health and sustainable living.
Society’s requirements for reindeer herding life and production system to adapt to regulations suitable to the majority resident population, may represent a persistent stressor to the culturally divergent coping strategies which enable mobile pastoralism.
Keywords:
work-related health risks, indigenous, mobile pastoralists, reindeer herders, Sámi
Article Details
How to Cite
MØLLERSEN, Snefrid.
Physical strain, external demands, and work pleasure in a mobile pastoral population of the Arctic..
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 3, mar. 2018.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1708>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v6i3.1708.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
References
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5. Shine,T, Dunford B. What value for pastoral livelihoods? An economic valuation of development alternatives for ephemeral wetlands in eastern Mauretania. Pastoralism((Internet)). 2016((cited 2017 Dec));6(9):1-18. Available from: https://pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13570-016-0057-x?site=pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com.
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7. Randall S. Where have all the nomads gone? Fifty years of statistical and demographic invisibilities of African mobile pastoralists. Pastoralism. 2015;5(22). DOI 10.1186/s13570-015-0042-9.
8. Montavon A., Jean-Richard V, Bechir M, Daugla DM, Abdoulaye M, Nongo Naré RN, et al. Health of mobile pastoralists in the Sahel – assessment of 15 years of research and development. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(9):1044-52. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12147
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26. Stordahl V, Tørres G, Møllersen S, Eira-Åhren IM. Ethical guidelines for Sami research : the issue that disappeared from the Norwegian Sami parliament’s agenda? Int J Circumpolar Health. 2015;74: 27024. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.27024
27. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ethics office. CIHR Guidelines for health research involving aboriginal people (2007 – 2010) ((Internet)). Ottawa (ON): CIHR; 2006 ((cited 2010 Sep 14)). 45 p. Available from: https://www.nri.nu.ca/sites/default/files/public/files/CIHR%20Ethics_Guidelines_Apri.pdf
28. Israel B, Schulz AJ, Parker, EA, Becker AB. Community-based participatory research: policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Education for Health. 2001;14(2):182-97. Available from: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals, DOI : 10.1080/13576280110051055
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30. Bjørklund O. Fokusgruppe, noen metodiske betraktninger [Focus group, some methodological considerations]. Økonomisk Fiskeriforskning [Economics in Fishery Reasearch]. 2005;15:42–50.
31. Mann, C, J. (2003) Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:54–60. Available from: http://emj.bmj.com/content/emermed/20/1/54.full.pdf
32. Økonomisk utvalg [Financial committee]. Totalregnskap for reindriftsnæringen [Total accounting for reindeer husbandry]. Alta (NO): Norwegian husbandry management; 2013 Dec. 153 p.
33. Jackson PB. Role occupancy and minority mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1997;38:237-55.
34. Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York (NY): Basic Books.1990.398 p.
35. Sjölander P. What is known about the health and living conditions of the indigenous people of northern Scandinavia, the Sami? Glob Health Action. 2011;4: 8457 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v40.8457.
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39. Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet, JBD [Ministry of justice and public security]. Lov om behandling av personopplysninger [The personal data act] [Internet]. Oslo (NO): The Norwegian Parliament; 2000/2015 [cited 2017 Dec 19]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2000-04-14-31
40. Furgal CM, Garvin TD, Jardin CG. Trends in the study of aboriginal health risks in Canada, Int J Circumpolar Health. 2010; 69(4):322–32).
41. Petrucka P, Bassendowski S, Deanna Bickford D, Goodfeather EV. Towards building consensus: revisiting key principles of CBPR within the First Nations/Aboriginal context. Open J Nurs. 2012,2,143-48. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2012.22022
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43. Vuojala-Magga T, Turunen M, Ryyppö T, Tennberg M. Resonance strategies of Sámi reindeer herders in Northernmost Finland during climatically extreme years. Arctic. 2011:64(2), 227–41.
44. Bostedt, G. Pastoralist Economic Behavior: Empirical results from reindeer herders in Northern Sweden. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2005;30(2):381-96.
45. Strümpfer DJ, De Bruin GP. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence and job satisfaction: meta-analyses of South African data. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde. 2009;35(1). DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v35i1.767.
46. Møllersen S, Stordahl V, Eira-Åhrén IM, Tørres G. Reindriftas hverdag (Everyday life of reindeer herding). Karasjok (NO): Sàmi Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Mental Health and Abuse, Sàmi Reindeer Herder Association in Norway; 2016 Feb. Report no. 1.
47. Van den Broeck A, Vansteenkiste M, De Witte H, Soenens B, Lens, W. Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: construction and initial validation of the work related basic Need Satisfaction Scale. J Occup Organ Psychol. DOI: 10.1348/096317909X481382
48. Allan BA, Dexter C, Kinsey R, Parker S. Meaningful work and mental health: job satisfaction as a moderator. J Ment Health. 2016 Nov:1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1244718
49. Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt. [The national institute of occupational health]. Faktabok om arbeidsmiljø og helse 2011. [Factbook on woring environment and health] [Internet] 2011. [cited 2017 Dec 19]. Available from:
https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/5d4d28864e9147269a068e1445d7ad90/faktabok_2011.pdf
50. Kuo BC. Cultural variations in work stress and coping in an era of globalization. Camebridge Handbook of Culture, Organizations, & Work, 2011:418-41. Available from: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/psychologypub/36
51. Kaiser, N, Ruong, T, Renberg, ES (2013) Experiences of being a young male Sami
reindeer herder: a qualitative study in perspective of mental health. Int J Circumpolar Health: 2013; 72(1). Available from: https//:doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20926
52. Ministry of social services and health. Plan for helse- og sosialtjenester til den samiske befolkning i Norge [Plan for health- and social services to the Sami population]. Public inquiry. 1995:6. 1995, Feb 16. Oslo: Government administration.
53. Zinsstag J, Ould T, Craig PS. Health of nomadic pastoralists: new approaches
towards equity effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(5):565–68. DOI: doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01615.x
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1. Forgeron D. Indigenous rights: the hidden cost of Arctic development. Harvard Int Rev.((Internet)) 2015;36(3) ((Internet)). Available from: http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=11446
2. Sara NH. Psykisk helse i den samiske befolkninge. [Mental health in the Sami population] Conference presentation, Karasjok, 2010; Oct 27. – 28th.
3. Møllersen S, Stordahl V, Tørres G, Eira-Åhren IM. Developing an adequate queationnaire addressing psychosocial distress in a reindeer herding population: Some lessons learned. In: Drugge AL, editor. Ethics in Indigenous Research. Past Experiences – Future Challenges. Umeå: Umeå University; 2016. p. 175–98. Available from: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A943266&dswid=-1738.
4. Mulder MB, Fazzio I, Irons W, McElreath RL, Bowles S, Bell A, et al. Pastoralism and wealth inequality. Revisiting an old question. Curr Anthropol. 2010;51(1):35-48. DOI: 10.1086/648561
5. Shine,T, Dunford B. What value for pastoral livelihoods? An economic valuation of development alternatives for ephemeral wetlands in eastern Mauretania. Pastoralism((Internet)). 2016((cited 2017 Dec));6(9):1-18. Available from: https://pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13570-016-0057-x?site=pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com.
6. Birch I, Grahn, R. Pastoralism: managing multiple stressors and the threat of climate variability and change. New York (NY): UNDP Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, UNDP; 2007 May. 12 p. Report No. 45.
7. Randall S. Where have all the nomads gone? Fifty years of statistical and demographic invisibilities of African mobile pastoralists. Pastoralism. 2015;5(22). DOI 10.1186/s13570-015-0042-9.
8. Montavon A., Jean-Richard V, Bechir M, Daugla DM, Abdoulaye M, Nongo Naré RN, et al. Health of mobile pastoralists in the Sahel – assessment of 15 years of research and development. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(9):1044-52. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12147
9. Sarivaara E, Uusiautti S, Määttä K. Critical Sámi research as the means of finding ways of seeing. Int J Soc Sci Re((Internet))s. 2014((2016 Sept 5));2(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v2il.4521 DOI: 10.5296/ijssr.v2il.4521
10. World Health Organization. Global health risks. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks ((Internet)). 2009 ((cited 2017 Nov 22)). 35 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
11. Wilkinson R, Marmot M , editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts. 2nd edition, Copenhagen (DK): WHO regional office for Europe; 2003. 33 p.. ISBN 92 890 137 1 0. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/98438/e81384.pdf
12. Eggerman M, Panter-Brick C. Suffering, hope, and entrapment: resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(1-2):71–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023
13. Palinkas, LA, Russell, J, Downs, MA Petterson. Ethnic differences in stress, coping, and depressive symptoms after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(5):287–95.
14. Asmar C, Page S. Sources of satisfaction and stress among Indigenous academic teachers: findings from a national Australian study. Asia Pacific Journal of Education. 2009;29(3):387-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790
15. Lentz JT, Dotson GS, Williams PR, Maier A, Gadagbui B, Pandala, SP. Aggregated exposure and cumulative risk assessment : integrating occupational and non-occupational risk factors. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2015;12(suppl1):112–26. doi:10.1080/15459624.20151060326
16. Omar MA. Health care for nomads too, please. World Health Forum. 1992;13:307–310.
17. Pekkarinen A. Changes in reindeer herding work and their effect on occupational accidents. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2006;65(4):357–64.
18. Ahlm K, Hassler S, Sjölander P, Eriksson A. Unnatural deaths in reindeer-herding Sami families in Sweden, 1961 – 2001. Int J Circumpolar Health 2010;69(2):129-37.
19. Sjölander P, Daerga L, Edin-Liljegren A, Jacobsson L. Musculoskeletal symptoms and perceived work strain among reindeer herders in Sweden. Occup Med. 2008;58:572-79. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqn153
20. Ervasti O, Virokannas H, Hassi J. Frostbite in reindeer herders. Arctic Med Res. 1991;(Suppl6):89-93.
21. Kozlov AI, Vershubsky G, Kozlova M. Stress under modernization in Indigenous populations of Siberia. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2003;62(2):158-66.
22. Kaiser N, Sjölander P, Liljegren AE, Jacobsson L, Renberg ES. Depression and anxiety in the reindeer herding Sami population of Sweden. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2010;69:383-93.
23. Landbruks- og matdepartementet (Ministry of agriculture and food). Landbruks og matpolitikken, St. meld. Nr. 9, 2011-2012 (Policy for agriculture and food, white paper, No 9, 2011 – 2012). Alta (NO): The Norwegian Parliament; 2011 Dec. 302 p. Available from: https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/adb6bd7b2dd84c299aa9bd540569e836/no/pdfs/stm201120120009000dddpdfs
24. Mackety DM, editor. Community-based participatory research and evaluation approaches in Native American communities: citations and abstracts. Washington (DC): National Indian Education Association; 2012. 15 p. Available from: http://www.niea.org/data/files/research/cbpr.pdf
25. Simonds VW, Christopher S. Adapting Western research methods to indigenous ways of knowing. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(12):2185–2192. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.
26. Stordahl V, Tørres G, Møllersen S, Eira-Åhren IM. Ethical guidelines for Sami research : the issue that disappeared from the Norwegian Sami parliament’s agenda? Int J Circumpolar Health. 2015;74: 27024. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.27024
27. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ethics office. CIHR Guidelines for health research involving aboriginal people (2007 – 2010) ((Internet)). Ottawa (ON): CIHR; 2006 ((cited 2010 Sep 14)). 45 p. Available from: https://www.nri.nu.ca/sites/default/files/public/files/CIHR%20Ethics_Guidelines_Apri.pdf
28. Israel B, Schulz AJ, Parker, EA, Becker AB. Community-based participatory research: policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Education for Health. 2001;14(2):182-97. Available from: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals, DOI : 10.1080/13576280110051055
29.Gjersing L, Caplehorn JR, Clausen T. Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:13. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-13.
30. Bjørklund O. Fokusgruppe, noen metodiske betraktninger [Focus group, some methodological considerations]. Økonomisk Fiskeriforskning [Economics in Fishery Reasearch]. 2005;15:42–50.
31. Mann, C, J. (2003) Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:54–60. Available from: http://emj.bmj.com/content/emermed/20/1/54.full.pdf
32. Økonomisk utvalg [Financial committee]. Totalregnskap for reindriftsnæringen [Total accounting for reindeer husbandry]. Alta (NO): Norwegian husbandry management; 2013 Dec. 153 p.
33. Jackson PB. Role occupancy and minority mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1997;38:237-55.
34. Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York (NY): Basic Books.1990.398 p.
35. Sjölander P. What is known about the health and living conditions of the indigenous people of northern Scandinavia, the Sami? Glob Health Action. 2011;4: 8457 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v40.8457.
36. World Medical Association. World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. WMA General Assembly; 1964 Jun. 2 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79%284%29373.pdf
37. Sønderland K. Helseforskningsloven [Health research act]. De nasjonale forskningsetiske komiteene [Norwegian national ethics committee for health research] [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Oct 4] Available from:
https://www.etikkom.no/FBIB/Praktisk/Lover-og-retningslinjer/Helseforskningsloven/
38. Ingierd H, Fossheim HJ. Etniske grupper [Ethnic groups]. FBIB Forskningsetisk bibliotek [FBIB Research ethics library] [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Nov 30]. Available from: http://etikkom.no/FBIB/Temaer/Forskning-pa-bestemte-grupper/Etniske-grupper/
39. Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet, JBD [Ministry of justice and public security]. Lov om behandling av personopplysninger [The personal data act] [Internet]. Oslo (NO): The Norwegian Parliament; 2000/2015 [cited 2017 Dec 19]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2000-04-14-31
40. Furgal CM, Garvin TD, Jardin CG. Trends in the study of aboriginal health risks in Canada, Int J Circumpolar Health. 2010; 69(4):322–32).
41. Petrucka P, Bassendowski S, Deanna Bickford D, Goodfeather EV. Towards building consensus: revisiting key principles of CBPR within the First Nations/Aboriginal context. Open J Nurs. 2012,2,143-48. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2012.22022
42. Stanton CR. Crossing methodological borders: decolonizing community-based participatory research. Quale Inq. 2014; 20(5):573– 83.
43. Vuojala-Magga T, Turunen M, Ryyppö T, Tennberg M. Resonance strategies of Sámi reindeer herders in Northernmost Finland during climatically extreme years. Arctic. 2011:64(2), 227–41.
44. Bostedt, G. Pastoralist Economic Behavior: Empirical results from reindeer herders in Northern Sweden. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2005;30(2):381-96.
45. Strümpfer DJ, De Bruin GP. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence and job satisfaction: meta-analyses of South African data. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde. 2009;35(1). DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v35i1.767.
46. Møllersen S, Stordahl V, Eira-Åhrén IM, Tørres G. Reindriftas hverdag (Everyday life of reindeer herding). Karasjok (NO): Sàmi Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Mental Health and Abuse, Sàmi Reindeer Herder Association in Norway; 2016 Feb. Report no. 1.
47. Van den Broeck A, Vansteenkiste M, De Witte H, Soenens B, Lens, W. Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: construction and initial validation of the work related basic Need Satisfaction Scale. J Occup Organ Psychol. DOI: 10.1348/096317909X481382
48. Allan BA, Dexter C, Kinsey R, Parker S. Meaningful work and mental health: job satisfaction as a moderator. J Ment Health. 2016 Nov:1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1244718
49. Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt. [The national institute of occupational health]. Faktabok om arbeidsmiljø og helse 2011. [Factbook on woring environment and health] [Internet] 2011. [cited 2017 Dec 19]. Available from:
https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/5d4d28864e9147269a068e1445d7ad90/faktabok_2011.pdf
50. Kuo BC. Cultural variations in work stress and coping in an era of globalization. Camebridge Handbook of Culture, Organizations, & Work, 2011:418-41. Available from: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/psychologypub/36
51. Kaiser, N, Ruong, T, Renberg, ES (2013) Experiences of being a young male Sami
reindeer herder: a qualitative study in perspective of mental health. Int J Circumpolar Health: 2013; 72(1). Available from: https//:doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20926
52. Ministry of social services and health. Plan for helse- og sosialtjenester til den samiske befolkning i Norge [Plan for health- and social services to the Sami population]. Public inquiry. 1995:6. 1995, Feb 16. Oslo: Government administration.
53. Zinsstag J, Ould T, Craig PS. Health of nomadic pastoralists: new approaches
towards equity effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(5):565–68. DOI: doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01615.x
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